Design and Implementation of a Non-contact Thermometer that Records Body Temperature Individually using Forehead Wrinkle Image

With the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a significant increase in the opportunities to measure body temperature when using public facilities and to check one's daily health condition. Standing thermometer and handheld devices have been introduced due to their non-contact features. On the other hand, the standing thermometer requires a large space for installation and the person need to move to the front of the device. In this study, we propose a non-contact thermometer that identifies individuals by acquiring images of wrinkles from a camera module and records body temperature individually. The wrinkle image is cropped and then gamma correction removal and grayscaling are applied. The images are fed into a convolutional neural network for the identification. The experiment using images obtained with a smartphone camera from 12 subjects confirmed that individuals could be identified with an average F-value of 0.94. The experiment using images obtained with the proposed device from five subjects confirmed that the identification accuracy exceeded F-value of 0.93 for all subjects. © 2022 ACM.

Preliminary Investigation on Wrist Temperature Control by Wearable Peltier Armband

Due to COVID-19 pandemic, body temperature measurement in commercial facilities is performed using a non-contact method. However, if the human body can be controlled in some way to disguise body temperature, a thermometer would have difficulty detecting an entrant with a fever. In this study, we propose a method to control body temperature measured at the wrist in order to demonstrate the vulnerability of temperature measurement at the wrist. Our device lowers body temperature by cooling the upper arm, thereby cooling blood flow and reducing the intensity of infrared radiation detected by a thermometer. The implemented device was used to cool the upper arm under three different conditions. The results showed that cooling the blood flow in the upper arm can lower the body temperature at the wrist. The cooled body temperature was difficult to maintain after the end of cooling, irrespective of the cooling intensity and cooling time. © 2022 ACM.

Customized Luminescent Multiplexed Quick-Response Codes as Reliable Temperature Mobile Optical Sensors for eHealth and Internet of Things

The need to sense and track in real time through sustainable and multifunctional labels is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where the simultaneous measurement of body temperature and the fast tracking of people is required. One of the big challenges is to develop effective low-cost systems that can promote healthcare provision everywhere and for that, smarter and personalized Internet of things (IoT) devices are a pathway in large exploration, toward cost reduction and sustainability. Using the concept of color-multiplexed quick response (QR) codes, customized smart labels formed by two independent layers and smart location patterns provide simultaneous tracking and multiple synchronous temperature reading with maximum sensitivity values of 8.5% K-1 in the physiological temperature range, overwhelming the state-of-the-art optical sensor for healthcare services provided electronically via the internet (eHealth) and mobile sensors (mHealth).

A Traceable Spectral Radiation Model of Radiation Thermometry

Featured ApplicationRadiation thermometry of real objects under real conditions.Despite great technical capabilities, the theory of non-contact temperature measurement is usually not fully applicable to the use of measuring instruments in practice. While black body calibrations and black body radiation thermometry (BBRT) are in practice well established and easy to accomplish, this calibration protocol is never fully applicable to measurements of real objects under real conditions. Currently, the best approximation to real-world radiation thermometry is grey body radiation thermometry (GBRT), which is supported by most measuring instruments to date. Nevertheless, the metrological requirements necessitate traceability;therefore, real body radiation thermometry (RBRT) method is required for temperature measurements of real bodies. This article documents the current state of temperature calculation algorithms for radiation thermometers and the creation of a traceable model for radiation thermometry of real bodies that uses an inverse model of the system of measurement to compensate for the loss of data caused by spectral integration, which occurs when thermal radiation is absorbed on the active surface of the sensor. To solve this problem, a hybrid model is proposed in which the spectral input parameters are converted to scalar inputs of a traditional scalar inverse model for GBRT. The method for calculating effective parameters, which corresponds to a system of measurement, is proposed and verified with the theoretical simulation model of non-contact thermometry. The sum of effective instrumental parameters is presented for different temperatures to show that the rule of GBRT, according to which the sum of instrumental emissivity and instrumental reflectivity is equal to 1, does not apply to RBRT. Using the derived models of radiation thermometry, the uncertainty of radiation thermometry due to the uncertainty of spectral emissivity was analysed by simulated worst-case measurements through temperature ranges of various radiation thermometers. This newly developed model for RBRT with known uncertainty of measurement enables traceable measurements using radiation thermometry under any conditions.

Covid-19 Vest for Social distancing and Monitoring

In recent years, due to the rise in the number of novel coronaviruses across the globe nations step forward to stop the crisis. With guidelines of the WHO many methodologies came into existence to prevent the spreading of coronavirus. My SD: A Smart Social distance and Monitoring System takes advantage of the features of the smartphone's hardware which usually has Bluetooth transmitter-receiver, like GPS to determine the safe distance and required level of compliance. Through artificial intelligence, this new smart device helps maintain uniform social distance and detect COVID 19 patients. In these COVID 19 environments, everyone knows how safe they are. In this paper, we have automated the process whereby the layman can control himself without any priming which makes the system more user-friendly for the public. The user himself or herself can monitor body temperature, social distancing and get an alert in abnormal selfisolation conditions using contactless thermometer, ultrasonic sensors, and GSM modules. © 2022 IEEE.

Research on 5.5 μm Infrared Filter Applied to Infrared Thermometer

With the expansion of novel coronavirus pneumonia's influence on the world, people's dependence on infrared thermometer guns is increasing. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of the infrared temperature measuring gun and meet the requirements of rapid and accurate measurement of human body temperature, the core components for the infrared temperature measuring gun are developed and prepared in this paper. The film fogging phenomenon caused by the anisotropy of metal germanium and semiconductor properties is analysed and solved by measuring the atomic force microscope image and infrared spectrum of the film, the 5.5-micron infrared filter with high transmittance and good film quality was prepared by electron beam evaporation, resistance evaporation and ion source assisted deposition. © 2022 IEEE.

Influence of Hospital Environmental Variables on Thermometric Measurements and Level of Concordance: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

During a pandemic, and given the need to quickly screen febrile and non-febrile humans, it is necessary to know the concordance between different thermometers (TMs) and understand how environmental factors influence the measurements made by these instruments. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify the potential influence of environmental factors on the measurements made by four different TMs and the concordance between these instruments in a hospital setting. METHOD: The study employed a cross-sectional observational methodology. The participants were patients who had been hospitalised in the traumatology unit. The variables were body temperature, room temperature, room relative humidity, light, and noise. The instruments used were a Non Contract Infrared TM, Axillary Electronic TM, Gallium TM, and Tympanic TM. A lux meter, a sound level meter, and a thermohygrometer measured the ambient variables. RESULTS: The study sample included 288 participants. Weak significant relationships were found between noise and body temperature measured with Tympanic Infrared TM, r = -0.146 (p < 0.01) and likewise between environmental temperature and this same TM, r = 0.133 (p < 0.05). The concordance between the measurements made by the four different TMs showed an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.479. CONCLUSIONS: The concordance between the four TMs was considered "fair".

A Wireless Body Temperature and Oxygen Saturation Monitoring system based on Android Smartphones

Remote health monitoring is one topic that needs a lot of attention due to the rising number of pandemics. Body fever and low blood oxygen saturation level is clear symptom of COVID-19. Different data display and transmission systems can make monitoring vital indicators such as body temperature, pulse oximeter and heart rate. In this research, thermometry and pulse oximetry have been designed and built with an online monitoring system based on Android. The MAX30205 thermometer sensor was utilized in this study to detect body temperature with high precision. Also, the MAX30102 module was used to detect blood oxygen saturation and heart rate with proper accuracy. The sensors were controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller on the TTGO board, and the measured temperature, blood oxygen saturation level and heart rate were transmitted through Bluetooth to Android devices. These three parameters can be assessed long distances using these circuit and application designs in pandemic conditions. The device's performance was tested successfully and compared with the results of a reference thermometer and finger pulse oximeter. © 2022 IEEE.

AI Driven Cough Voice-Based COVID Detection Framework Using Spectrographic Imaging: An Improved Technology

This paper develops an improved (more effective) and safer technology for detecting COVID-19 and thus contributes to the literature and the control of COVID-19. Coronavirus is a new infection that causes the coronavirus ailment called COVID-19. This disease was first found in bat at Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Starting from that time, it has spread rapidly throughout the globe. One of the main identifications of COVID-19 is that it can be handily distinguished by fever. Since this flare-up has begun, 'temperature screening utilizing infrared thermometers and RT-PCR has been utilized in advanced and developed countries to check the warmth of the body to identify the infected person. This is not a very effective way of detection, as it demands huge manpower and infrastructure to go and check one-by-one. Moreover, the close contact between the infected and the person checking can lead to the spread of coronavirus at a faster pace. This paper proposes a framework that can detect the coronavirus instantly and non-invasively from a human cough voice. The proposed framework is much safer as compared to conventional technologies used, as it reduces human interactions to a greater extent. It uses spectrographic images of the voice for COVID detection. This framework has been deployed in a web application to use them from any part of the world without exposing themselves to other infected people. This method encourages non-invasive mechanisms that will prevent from hurting sensitive areas, unlike conventional procedures. © 2022 IEEE.

Measurements of natural airflow within a Stevenson screen and its influence on air temperature and humidity records

Climate science depends upon accurate measurements of air temperature and humidity, the majority of which are still derived from sensors exposed within passively ventilated louvred Stevenson-type thermometer screens. It is well-documented that, under certain circumstances, air temperatures measured within such screens can differ significantly from “true” air temperatures measured by other methods, such as aspirated sensors. Passively ventilated screens depend upon wind motion to provide ventilation within the screen and thus airflow over the sensors contained therein. Consequently, instances of anomalous temperatures occur most often during light winds when airflow through the screen is weakest, particularly when in combination with strong or low-angle incident solar radiation. Adequate ventilation is essential for reliable and consistent measurements of both air temperature and humidity, yet very few systematic comparisons to quantify relationships between external wind speed and airflow within a thermometer screen have been made. This paper addresses that gap by summarizing the results of a 3-month field experiment in which airflow within a UK-standard Stevenson screen was measured using a sensitive sonic anemometer and comparisons made with simultaneous wind speed and direction records from the same site. The mean in-screen ventilation rate was found to be 0.2 m s-1 (median 0.18 m s-1), well below the 1 m s-1 minimum assumed in meteorological and design standard references, and only about 7 % of the scalar mean wind speed at 10 m. The implications of low in-screen ventilation on the uncertainty of air temperature and humidity measurements from Stevenson-type thermometer screens are discussed, particularly those due to the differing response times of dry- and wet-bulb temperature sensors and ambiguity in the value of the psychrometric coefficient.

Evaluation of Adjustment Models for Taking Body Temperature with a Thermal Imaging Camera in the Context of COVID-19

In the context of the COVID-19 health emergency, it is necessary to have devices that help identify symptoms that indicate whether a person has COVID-19. As one of the main symptoms is fever, which can be identified by measuring body temperature, different non-contact measurement methods are being widely used as an alternative to traditional contact thermometers. However, readings with thermographic cameras present limitations in terms of high dependence on the environment. For this reason, this article aims to validate the temperature measurements of a thermographic camera by comparing different models using as a reference standard the readings of a calibrated medical infrared thermometer. For this purpose, 463 measurements were analyzed using an infrared thermometer and a thermographic camera simultaneously. As significant differences were observed between the measurements made using statistical analyses with (p< 0.05 ), models were developed establishing weighting and compensation criteria to obtain similar readings between the values measured from the thermal images and the infrared thermometer. For uncertainty estimation, linear and non-linear regression models such as artificial neural networks were tested, selecting the best model that allows reducing the variation among the readings. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Automated Temperature Scanner Sensor In Comparison With Mercury-In-Glass Thermometer

An automated temperature scanner with contact-tracing capability had previously been developed to screen temperature related diseases such as COVID-19, Ebola or Lassa fever and trace possible infected persons. The device uses a non-contact temperature sensor (MLX-90614) to acquire human temperature while the user's identity is obtained by means of Radio Frequency Identification card. This information is sent for storage in remote database and made available for possible contact-tracing via a secured web interface. Due to the fact that several studies contest the validity of non-contact temperature sensors as replacement for contact ones, the present study therefore compares performance of its non-contact temperature sensor with that of the mercury-in-glass thermometer considered as a standard in this study. This is in an attempt to validate performance of the developed automated temperature scanner and to optimize its usage. Investigations reveal that the developed device performs best when user is within a 16 cm distance from the temperature sensor. Any measurement done outside this 16 cm critical distance might not be valid. Other investigations reveal that the developed device with non-contact temperature sensor is faster than the contact thermometer with an average response time of 0.004 second compared with mercury-in-glass of 179.2 seconds. So non-contact sensor would be very useful when speed is of essence but it was found to exhibit a lower precision compared to the contact thermometer. The critical temperature obtained in this study will guide users in the usage and researchers in further studies on the developed automated temperature scanner with contact-tracing capability. © 2022 IEEE.

Thermal map detection method for web page based on thermopile array sensor

In this paper, a monitoring system based on thermopile array sensors is designed for real-time refreshing of thermograms in a web interface. To address the problem of inconspicuous heat map of the main target caused by the interference of the detection environment and the small temperature difference between the target to be measured and the background, a dynamic color mapping processing scheme is proposed to make the heat map of the main target displayed more clearly by continuously adjusting the contrast between the main target and the background color. The experimental results show that the method can achieve dynamic refreshing of the thermogram through a multi-device browser, the correlation of measurement data is greater than 85% compared to handheld thermometers, and the effective transmission distance is about 30m in open range, which can effectively enhance the portability and safety of staff during COVID-19 temperature screening. © The Authors.

Smart Access Control System For Covid Safety Smart Access Control System during Covid

During the period of prevailing unsettled COVID pandemic, the countries and states started to plan reopening during which necessitates the non-contact temperature evaluation gadgets as a part of a preliminary look at access points to identify the humans with elevated body temperatures. Despite the utilization of these devices, temperature assessment restricted the impact on lowering the spread of COVID-19. Non-contact temperature measuring devices are used to measure the temperature of any person. Detection of a high temperature is one huge manner to pick out a person who might also have COVID-19 contamination. In this project, a room environment is created in which certain precautions are taken. A laser diode and receiver are used to detect the entrance of a person, and the system also detects the body temperature of the entering person. If the temperature is less than a threshold temperature entry for the person is permitted or else the entry is denied. This system also has a feature where it permits only a pre-determined number of persons inside the room. It also facilities to view the allowed temperature, the number of people to be allowed in the room and the number of people present actively using a Bluetooth App. This system aimed to be useful to combat the spread of COVID infections. © 2022 IEEE.

Design of Non-Contact Thermometer Using Thermal Camera for Detecting People with Fever

A non-contact thermometer is a device that can measure the temperature of the human body without making physical contact. During the Covid-19 pandemic, many crowd centers implemented health protocols by checking body temperature. Therefore, a device is needed to detect body temperature. In previous studies, non-contact thermometers used low-resolution thermal cameras which resulted in not being able to detect mass temperatures and inaccurate readings. In this study, a non-contact thermometer system uses an 80x60 pixel LWIR (Long Wave Infrared) thermal camera and a pi camera to read real-Time human body temperature. The image is processed so that this system only detects body temperature on the face. This system has an output in the form of a human image along with the temperature on the face displayed on the monitor, and there is a warning in the form of a buzzer if there are people who have a temperature above the specified limit. The Lepton 2.5 FLIR (forward looking infrared) thermal camera can optimally read temperatures at a distance of 0.5 meters to 2.5 meters. The temperature reading accuracy of the FLIR Lepton 2.5 thermal camera reaches 98.1%. Temperature readings on the FLIR Lepton 2.5 thermal camera have no effect on light intensity and thermal noise. © 2021 IEEE.

TherMobile: Measuring Body Temperature Using a Mobile Device

The spread of COVID-19 issues high demand on measuring body temperature, which necessitates thermometers. To alleviate a burden to equip/carry thermometers, this paper develops a framework “TherMobile”that measures body temperature using a commercial-off-the-shelf smartphone that most people carry everywhere. Considering that most (if not all) smartphones have a temperature sensor on its battery, we utilize heat transfer from a body part that makes contact with the smartphone, to the smartphone battery. To this end, we collect a time series of the smartphone battery temperature for different pairs of the initial temperature of the smartphone battery and the temperature of a body part, and then classify them. To enable the data collection and classification to infer the temperature of the body part, we address important practical issues, including how to gather data for different target temperatures of a body part (although human body temperature is not controllable), and how to minimize a burden for individual users to gather all necessary data. Our experiments demonstrate that “TherMobile”achieves 90.0% accuracy of measuring body temperature with 1.0°C granularity, enabling a commercial-off-the-shelf smartphone to substitute for a thermometer without any additional hardware. IEEE

Studying the accuracy of infrared thermography for measuring core body temperature

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of infrared thermography for measuring body temperature. We compared a commercially available infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR One) with a medical-grade oral thermometer (Welch-Allyn) as a gold standard. Measurements using the thermal imaging camera were taken from both a short distance (10cm) and long distance (50cm) from the subject. Thirty young healthy adults participated in a study that manipulated body temperature. After establishing a baseline, participants lowered their body temperature by placing their feet in a cold-water bath for 30 minutes while consuming cold water. Feet were then removed and covered with a blanket for 30 minutes as body temperature returned to baseline. During the course of the 70-minute experiment, body temperature was recorded at a 10-minute interval. The thermal imaging camera demonstrated a significant temperature difference from the gold standard from both close range (mean error: +0.433°C) and long range (mean error: +0.522°C). Despite demonstrating potential as a fast and non-invasive method for temperature screening, our results indicate that infrared thermography does not provide an accurate measurement of body temperature. As a result, infrared thermography is not recommended for use as a fever screening device. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the is permitted for personal use only.

The temperature difference method for screening patients with COVID-19 fever symptoms

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a potentially fatal disease of global public health concern. Fever has been reported to be a common clinical symptom in COVID-19 and current CDC recommendations for mitigation of community COVID-19 transmission include temperature screening, so prompting widespread temperature screening across multiple sectors, including hospitals, office buildings and airports. The need for no-contact and rapid measurement of body temperature during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency has led to the widespread use of thermal imaging cameras. However, the body temperature measurement is also disturbed by the environment factors, including ambient temperature, background light etc. When the ambient temperature is low, the temperature of the patient will also be low. It was difficult to screen the fever patients by using the absolute temperature criteria, and it often result in missing detection. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposed a method of screening COVID-19 symptom fever patients by the body temperature difference detection. The temperature difference detection method combined the temperature measurement of the infrared imaging camera and the visible camera face recognition. This method will eliminate environmental interference and equipment errors, to reduce the probability of the fever missed detection. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Smart Mask for COVID-19 E-wear

COVID-19 has been one of the most disastrous pandemics of the decade which has impacted several human lives and global economy. It is really difficult to control this kind of problem in a developing country like India where we have huge population. It is also difficult to maintain social distancing in such places. So, we have come up with an idea for the people to self-monitor and protect themselves from the spread of the virus. This paper aims to implement a smart mask which uses digital technology, for detection, prevention and precaution from this deadly virus. This virus is bound to spread in the event of interaction with other people, and we use technology to detect and prevent the virus by forming a personalized mask, which is capable of monitoring your vitals and indicating if the patient is infected by the virus. We are integrating the heart rate pulse sensor, infrared thermometer—MLX90614, respiratory sensor and Dht11 sensor which are used to monitor the inner temperature and humidity present inside the mask. This sensor is mounted on the mask which helps us to monitor the person who is wearing it 24/7. The overall equipment is less bulky with all the required features, rechargeable and replaceable filter. The vitals are monitored through personalized cloud using ThinkSpeak and mobile-based monitoring with alert system. The mask has an OLED display for real-time monitoring. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.